History Of The Internet Essays (1102 words) - Internet Protocols

History Of The Internet A Brief History Of The Internet By default, any definitive history of the Internet must be short, since the Internet (in one form or another) has only been in existence for less than 30 years. The first iteration of the Internet was launched in 1971 with a public showing in early 1972. This first network, known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork) was very primitive by today's standards, but a milestone in computer communications. ARPANET was based upon the design concepts of Larry Roberts (MIT) and was fleshed out at the first ACM symposium, held in Gaithersburg, TN in 1966, although RFPs weren't sent out until mid 1968. The Department of Defense in 1969 commissioned ARPANET, and the first node was created at the University of California in Los Angeles, running on a Honeywell DDP-516 mini-computer. The second node was established at Stanford University and launched on October first of the same year. On November 1, 1969, the third node was located at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the fourth was opened at the University of Utah in December. By 1971 15 nodes were linked including BBN, CMU, CWRU, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, MIT, NASA/Ames, RAND, SDC, SRI and UIU(C). In that same year, Larry Roberts created the first email management program. As a side note, Ray Tomlinson is the person who established the @ sign as a domain/host designator from his Model 33 Teletype. The first international connection to ARPANET is established when the University College of London is connected in 1973, and RFC-454 File Transfer Protocol was published. 1973 was also the year that Dr. Robert Metcalf's doctoral thesis outlined the specifications for Ethernet. The theory was tested on Xerox PARCs computers. 1974 saw the launch of TELNET public packet data service. UUCP (Unix-to-Unix Copy Protocol) was developed at AT&T Bell Labs in 1976, and distributed with UNIX the following year. 1978 saw the split of TCP into TCP and IP. In 1979 the first MUD (Multi-User Domain) was created by Dr. Ri chard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw from the University of Essex, and was the foundation for multi-player games (among other things). This event marked the gradual decline of productivity over the Internet. In 1981 a cooperative network between CUNY (City University of New York) and Yale was established. This network was called BITNET (Because It's There NETwork) and was designed to provide electronic mail transfer and list serve services between the two institutions. RFC-801 NCP/TCP Transition Plan was published that same year. It was because of the growing interconnectivity of new networks that the phrase Internet was coined in 1982, and the Department of Defense also declared TCP/IP to be its defacto standard. The first name server was developed in 1983 at the University of Wisconsin, allowing users to access systems without having to know the exact path to the server. 1983 also saw the transition from NCP to TCP/IP, and it was at this same time that ARPANET was split into ARPANET and MILNET. 68 of the current 113 existing nodes were assigned to MILNET. It was also in 1983 that a San Francisco programmer, Tom Jennings wrote the first FidoNet Bulletin Board System, which was capable of allowing both email and message passing over the Internet between networked BBSs by 1988. In 1984, the number of hosts on the Internet broke 1000, and DNS (Domain Name Services) was introduced. Moderated newsgroups also made their first appearance this year, although it would be almost a year and a half before NNTP (Network New Transfer Protocol) would be introduced. In 1985, the WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link) was launched out of Sausalito California, allowing San Francisco Bay Area users free access to the Internet. The Internet had grown so fast, and to such large proportions by this time that some control was needed to oversee its expansion, so in 1986, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) came into existence under the IAB. 1988 S aw the advent of IRC (Internet Relay Chat), developed by Jarkko Oikarinen, and it can be safely assumed that the first Hot Chat took place very shortly afterwards. By 1989 the number of Internet hosts

Free Essays on McCarthyism

McCarthyism McCarthyism was a time period throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s where America was overwhelmed with concerns about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and China. Emphasizing on those concerns, a young Senator named Joseph McCarthy publicly accused more than two hundred "card-carrying" communists for infiltrating the United States government. McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists who worked in the State Department. Although his accusations remained unsupported and a Senate committee labeled them "a fraud and a hoax," McCarthy won a national following. Naming the Democrats as a party of treason, he called his political enemies as "soft on Communism". McCarthyism came to mean false charges of disloyalty. In the Crucible, a lot of the townspeople were wrongfully accused of witchcraft. A lot of the accusations were based on unfair investigative techniques all to prove â€Å"disloyalty† to the town, or its residents. None of the information used against the accused was necessarily true, but nevertheless was still used against the people to prove wrong doings. The whole situation was based on false ideas, and was all made up to hurt and ruin reputations. Some people just wanted to get rid of others, but they picked a harmful and cruel way to do so. McCarthyism is linked to the Crucible in the fact that both use unfair accusations to expose disloyalty or subversion. There shouldn’t have been a time or a place for either to occur because it didn’t do anything but hurt the people linked to it. Both were unjust, and lacked actual evidence or proof to pull of the desired â€Å"scheme†. Neither should have been done or even attempted. It was a mistake in history, which only left scars on the people it wounded. It teaches a lesson for everybody to not wrongfully accuse your neighbor, because it causes complications in relationships between people and never helps out the situation. Fin... Free Essays on McCarthyism Free Essays on McCarthyism McCarthyism McCarthyism was a time period throughout the 1940’s and 1950’s where America was overwhelmed with concerns about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and China. Emphasizing on those concerns, a young Senator named Joseph McCarthy publicly accused more than two hundred "card-carrying" communists for infiltrating the United States government. McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists who worked in the State Department. Although his accusations remained unsupported and a Senate committee labeled them "a fraud and a hoax," McCarthy won a national following. Naming the Democrats as a party of treason, he called his political enemies as "soft on Communism". McCarthyism came to mean false charges of disloyalty. In the Crucible, a lot of the townspeople were wrongfully accused of witchcraft. A lot of the accusations were based on unfair investigative techniques all to prove â€Å"disloyalty† to the town, or its residents. None of the information used against the accused was necessarily true, but nevertheless was still used against the people to prove wrong doings. The whole situation was based on false ideas, and was all made up to hurt and ruin reputations. Some people just wanted to get rid of others, but they picked a harmful and cruel way to do so. McCarthyism is linked to the Crucible in the fact that both use unfair accusations to expose disloyalty or subversion. There shouldn’t have been a time or a place for either to occur because it didn’t do anything but hurt the people linked to it. Both were unjust, and lacked actual evidence or proof to pull of the desired â€Å"scheme†. Neither should have been done or even attempted. It was a mistake in history, which only left scars on the people it wounded. It teaches a lesson for everybody to not wrongfully accuse your neighbor, because it causes complications in relationships between people and never helps out the situation. Fin...

Current Marketing Problem in Hilton Hotels & Resorts Research Paper

Current Marketing Problem in Hilton Hotels & Resorts - Research Paper Example As the discussion highlights  over the years, the brand Hilton has operated its hospitality business operations and has established its marketing of services within several countries such as Italy, France and the United States of America among others. Moreover, it has been also identified that the company has used its Hilton brand name in order to extend its franchisee business and strategic business units in the entire global market.This paper declares that  Hilton Hotels & Resorts offers its hospitality services within around 80 countries. In order to attain the objective of Hilton hotels brand significantly, it is important to maintain a strong relation with the customers by offering them quality services. Over the years, Hilton hotel has attempted to establish a relational bridge with its customers through the help of its franchisees. In order to address the ensuing challenges arriving related to marketing as well as customer care, Hilton hotel has introduced centralized rese rvation and customer relationship management (CRM) system. Even after that, it has been observed Hilton hotel brand was unable to meet its customers’ expectations comprehensively.  Hilton Hotels & Resorts offers its hospitality services within around 80 countries. In order to attain the objective of Hilton hotels brand significantly, it is important to maintain a strong relation with the customers by offering them quality services.